- Angle of Repose is the maximum slope angle of non-cohesive (i.e. free-flowing) granular material
- It is the angle between a horizontal plane and the cone slope of such material
- The angle of repose is a characteristic of non-cohesive bulk cargoes, which is indicative of cargo stability, and the purpose of which is to minimize the risk of bulk material shifting;
- The cargo should be trimmed reasonably level to the boundaries of the cargo space
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1. High cost: Manganese bronze is a costly alloy, making it less economical for large propellers. 2. Low strength-to-weight ratio: Compared to other propeller materials like nickel-aluminum bronze or stainless steel, manganese bronze has a lower strength-to-weight ratio. 3. Susceptible to corrosion: Manganese bronze can corrode in seawater, especially when exposed to high velocities and turbulence. 4. Poor cavitation resistance: Manganese bronze is more prone to cavitation damage than other materials. 5. Difficult to cast and machine: Manganese bronze is challenging to cast and machine, making it less desirable for complex propeller geometries. 6. Limited weldability: Manganese bronze has poor weldability, making repairs and modifications difficult. Nickel-aluminum bronze or stainless steel are commonly used for propellers due to their: - High strength and durability - Excellent corrosion resistance - Good cavitation resistance - Ease of casting and machining - Weldability
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