MEOclassIIexamnotes

Green Ammonia is ammonia (NH₃) produced without fossil fuels , using renewable energy , making it a near zero-carbon marine fuel . How Green Ammonia is Produced 1️⃣ Renewable electricity (solar, wind, hydro) 2️⃣ Water electrolysis → Green hydrogen 3️⃣ Nitrogen extracted from air 4️⃣ Hydrogen + Nitrogen → Ammonia (NH₃) via Haber–Bosch process 👉 No CO₂ emissions during production. Why It Is Important for Shipping Driven by decarbonization targets of the  International Maritime Organization Advantages Zero CO₂ emissions at point of use Carbon-free fuel Suitable for long-distance shipping Easier storage than hydrogen (liquid at −33°C) Comparison with Other Ammonia Types Type                Production Method                     CO₂ Emissions Grey Ammonia                Fossil fuel       ...

Blue Ammonia is ammonia (NH₃) produced from natural gas , where the CO₂ generated during production is captured and stored using carbon capture technology. It is considered a low-carbon marine fuel option for future shipping. How Blue Ammonia is Produced 1️⃣ Natural gas → converted to hydrogen (via steam methane reforming) 2️⃣ CO₂ produced during process 3️⃣ CO₂ is captured using Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) 4️⃣ Hydrogen + Nitrogen → Ammonia (NH₃) Why It Is Called “Blue”? Grey ammonia → CO₂ released to atmosphere Blue ammonia → CO₂ captured & stored Green ammonia → Produced using renewable electricity (no fossil fuel) Why Shipping Is Interested? Driven by decarbonization targets set by the International Maritime Organization Advantages: No CO₂ emitted during combustion Carbon-free fuel at point of use Suitable for large ocean-going vessels Easier to store than hydrogen Challenges in Marine Use ⚠️ Toxic and corrosive ⚠️ Requires speci...

ESG stands for: E – Environmental S – Social G – Governance It is a framework used to measure a company’s sustainability, ethical performance, and long-term risk management . 1️⃣ Environmental (E) Focuses on: Carbon emissions (CO₂, methane) Energy efficiency Pollution prevention Waste management Compliance with IMO regulations In shipping, this links to: EEXI & CII compliance Alternative fuels (LNG, methanol, ammonia) Ballast Water Management MARPOL compliance under the International Maritime Organization 2️⃣ Social (S) Focuses on: Crew welfare Safety standards Working conditions Diversity & inclusion Community impact Linked to: Maritime Labour Convention Training & safety culture Accident prevention 3️⃣ Governance (G) Focuses on: Ethical business practices Anti-corruption policies Transparent reporting Regulatory compliance Board accountability In shipping: ISM Code compliance ...

 In the context of BWMS , PBT stands for:) Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic It is a key environmental assessment criterion used by the International Maritime Organization when approving BWMS that use active substances under the Ballast Water Management Convention . Meaning of PBT Persistent (P): Substance does not break down easily in the marine environment. Bioaccumulative (B): Substance accumulates in living organisms and increases up the food chain. Toxic (T): Substance is harmful to marine life or humans . Why PBT is Important in BWMS? BWMS using active substances (e.g. electrochlorination, chemicals) may release residual chemicals or by-products into the sea. 👉 IMO requires that: Active substances and by-products must NOT be PBT Otherwise, the system will not get G9 approval Relation to G9 Approval During the G9 procedure : Active substances are evaluated for: Toxicity Persistence Bioaccumulation Assessment is done ...

 The G9 Procedure is the IMO approval process for Ballast Water Management Systems (BWMS) that use Active Substances (chemicals) . It is issued under the Ballast Water Management Convention  by the International Maritime Organization . Why G9 is Required? If a BWMS uses chemicals like: Chlorine (electrochlorination) Ozone Peracetic acid Hydrogen peroxide These substances may: Harm marine environment Produce toxic by-products Affect crew safety Therefore, special IMO approval is required. G9 Approval – Step-by-Step Procedure 1️⃣ Submission by Manufacturer Manufacturer submits: Chemical composition details Dosage rate Toxicity data Environmental impact study By-product formation data To a Flag Administration . 2️⃣ Review by GESAMP-BWWG The data is reviewed by: GESAMP-BWWG (IMO expert scientific group) They assess: Environmental risk Human health risk Persistence in marine environment Bioaccumulation e...

Under the International Maritime Organization Ballast Water framework, G9 refers to the approval procedure for Ballast Water Management Systems (BWMS) that use Active Substances . Guidelines are issued under the Ballast Water Management Convention . What is an “Active Substance”? An Active Substance is: A chemical or biological substance that is introduced into ballast water to kill or neutralize harmful aquatic organisms. Examples: Chlorine (generated by electrochlorination) Ozone Peracetic acid Hydrogen peroxide What is G9? G9 = IMO Guidelines for Approval of Ballast Water Management Systems that use Active Substances. Because chemicals may: Harm marine environment Produce toxic by-products Affect crew safety IMO requires special approval. Two-Step Approval Process 1️⃣ Basic Approval Assessment of: Environmental impact Toxicity By-products Reviewed by IMO’s GESAMP-BWWG (expert group) 2️⃣ Final Approval Granted after: ...

The VICT correction table is used onboard ships to correct or determine fuel oil viscosity at different temperatures , ensuring the correct viscosity at engine inlet (especially for HFO). Why VICT is Required Fuel viscosity changes with temperature Main engines require a specific viscosity at injection (typically 10–15 cSt ) VICT helps engineers: Set heater outlet temperature Avoid poor atomization or pump damage What the VICT Table Does Converts fuel viscosity at one reference temperature (e.g., 50°C) ➜ to viscosity at another temperature Or helps find the required heating temperature for a target viscosity Where It Is Used Onboard Fuel changeover calculations HFO heater temperature setting During: Engine start on HFO Load changes Fuel viscosity controller checks Typical Data Used Fuel viscosity (e.g., 380 cSt @ 50°C) Required engine inlet viscosity (e.g., 12 cSt) Using VICT → find required fuel temperature (e.g., ~1...