- Hopper tanks are classified into bottom hoppers and top heavy wing tanks.
- For bottom hoppers, the main purpose is to take ballast, so as to rapidly increase the vessel immersion, simultaneous reduction in metacentric height, and a change in Centre of gravity.
- For top heavy wing tanks, the idea is to rapidly correct list of the vessel and act as active ballast tanks, for vessels such as Lakers where passages are narrow and cargo loading is often scattered.
- Except for this, they contribute in cargo loading also because the side slopes allow the cargo to slide off and collect at the centre, thereby making the cargo collection easier at the end
- Also, the hoppers are strengthened by additional transverse and longitudinal members, thereby supporting the port and starboard fuel tanks, and also distributing the cargo loading in a dynamic way to make sure the load is not concentrated at one point for higher loading speeds
1. High cost: Manganese bronze is a costly alloy, making it less economical for large propellers. 2. Low strength-to-weight ratio: Compared to other propeller materials like nickel-aluminum bronze or stainless steel, manganese bronze has a lower strength-to-weight ratio. 3. Susceptible to corrosion: Manganese bronze can corrode in seawater, especially when exposed to high velocities and turbulence. 4. Poor cavitation resistance: Manganese bronze is more prone to cavitation damage than other materials. 5. Difficult to cast and machine: Manganese bronze is challenging to cast and machine, making it less desirable for complex propeller geometries. 6. Limited weldability: Manganese bronze has poor weldability, making repairs and modifications difficult. Nickel-aluminum bronze or stainless steel are commonly used for propellers due to their: - High strength and durability - Excellent corrosion resistance - Good cavitation resistance - Ease of casting and machining - Weldability
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